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Saffron is a shade of yellow or orange, the colour of the tip of the saffron crocus thread, from which the spice saffron is derived. [2] The hue of the spice saffron is primarily due to the carotenoid chemical crocin. The term a-un is used figuratively in some Japanese expressions as " a-un breathing" ( 阿吽の呼吸, a-un no kokyū) or " a-un relationship" ( 阿吽の仲, a-un no naka), indicating an inherently harmonious relationship or nonverbal communication. For decades the All-India Congress under the leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi struggled to rally the millions of British-ruled peoples in the Indian subcontinent. Like similar movements in other countries, it early felt the need for a distinctive symbol that could represent its nationalist objectives. In 1921 a university lecturer named Pingali (or Pinglay) Venkayya presented a flag design to Gandhi that consisted of the colours associated with the two principal religions, red for the Hindus and green for the Muslims. To the centre of the horizontally divided flag, Lala Hans Raj Sondhi suggested the addition of the traditional spinning wheel, which was associated with Gandhi’s crusade to make Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing from local fibres. Grimes, John A. (1995). Ganapati: Song of the Self. State University of New York Press. pp.77–78. ISBN 978-0-7914-2439-1. There have been proposals that the Om syllable may already have had written representations in Brahmi script, dating to before the Common Era. A proposal by Deb (1921) held that the swastika is a monogrammatic representation of the syllable Om, wherein two Brahmi /o/ characters ( U+11011 𑀑 BRAHMI LETTER O) were superposed crosswise and the 'm' was represented by dot. [41] A commentary in Nature (1922) considers this theory questionable and unproven. [42] A. B. Walawalkar (1951) proposed that Om was represented using the Brahmi symbols for "A", "U", and "M" ( 𑀅𑀉𑀫), and that this may have influenced the unusual epigraphical features of the symbol ॐ for Om. [43] [44] Parker (1909) wrote that an "Aum monogram", distinct from the swastika, is found among Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions in Sri Lanka, [45] including Anuradhapura era coins, dated from the 1st to 4th centuries CE, which are embossed with Om along with other symbols. [46] East and Southeast Asia [ edit ]
Though Hindutva existed long before this current BJP government and thus has likely manifested in the UK before, it has not appeared within the public discourse, nor in the media, nearly as much as Islamism.
Kumar, S.; Nagendra, H.R.; Manjunath, N.K.; Naveen, K.V.; Telles, S. (2010). "Meditation on OM: Relevance from ancient texts and contemporary science". International Journal of Yoga. 3 (1): 2–5. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.66771. PMC 2952121. PMID 20948894. S2CID 2631383. By extension, the Om symbol is also used in Jainism to represent the first five lines of the Namokar mantra, [106] the most important part of the daily prayer in the Jain religion, which honours the Pañca-Parameṣṭhi. These five lines are (in English): "(1.) veneration to the Arhats, (2.) veneration to the perfect ones, (3.) veneration to the masters, (4.) veneration to the teachers, (5.) veneration to all the monks in the world". [104] Buddhism [ edit ] Mehta, Kiran K. (2008). Milk, Honey and Grapes, p.14. Puja Publications, Atlanta. ISBN 9781438209159. a b Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp.319–20. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. Oṅkāra ( ओङ्कार) or oṃkāra ( ओंकार); literally, " Om-maker", denoting the first source of the sound Om and connoting the act of creation. [21] [22] [23] [24]
The color scheme for the Nazi flag intentionally drew on the colors of the flag of Imperial Germany (1871–1918), which still resonated with many Germans who rejected democracy and the Weimar Republic. The color combination with the swastika made for a powerful logo, a trademark that became indelibly linked with the Nazi Party. Most political parties in democratic Germany did not have a political logo; the Communist Party and the Nazi Party were exceptions.Kumar, Uttam; Guleria, Anupam; Khetrapal, Chunni Lal (2015). "Neuro-cognitive aspects of "OM" sound/syllable perception: A functional neuroimaging study". Cognition and Emotion. 29 (3): 432–441. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.917609. PMID 24845107. S2CID 20292351. Some scholars interpret the first word of the mantra oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ to be auṃ, with a meaning similar to Hinduism – the totality of sound, existence, and consciousness. [110] [111]
Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: the Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. New York. ISBN 9780190226909. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link)
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Written representations [ edit ] South Asia [ edit ] Statue depicting Shiva as the Nataraja dancing in a posture resembling the Devangari ligature for Om; Joseph Campbell argued that the Nataraja statue represents Om as a symbol of the entirety of "consciousness, universe" and "the message that God is within a person and without" [40] a b c d Ragini Sen; Wolfgang Wagner; Caroline Howarth (30 September 2013). Secularism and Religion in Multi-faith Societies: The Case of India. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.37–38. ISBN 978-3-319-01922-2. The predominance of the saffron symbolism in the BJP and its allies led to the BJP being referred to as the 'saffron party' in the 1990s, and the term History of Indian Flag". Archived from the original on December 11, 2011 . Retrieved December 17, 2011.
The term A-un ( 阿吽) is the transliteration in Japanese of the two syllables " a" and " hūṃ", written in Devanagari as अहूँ. In Japanese, it is often conflated with the syllable Om. The original Sanskrit term is composed of two letters, the first ( अ) and the last ( ह) letters of the Devanagari abugida, with diacritics (including anusvara) on the latter indicating the "- ūṃ" of " hūṃ". Together, they symbolically represent the beginning and the end of all things. [117] In Japanese Mikkyō Buddhism, the letters represent the beginning and the end of the universe. [118] This is comparable to Alpha and Omega, the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, similarly adopted by Christianity to symbolise Christ as the beginning and end of all. Indian Standards" (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2011. However, Om is also attested in the Upanishads without pluta, [C] and many languages related to or influenced by Classical Sanskrit, such as Hindustani, share its pronunciation of Om ( [õː] or [oːm]).
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Whatever the case, many Hindu religious sources see persons or groups which they consider as non-Vedic (and which reject Vedic varṇāśrama – 'caste and life stage' orthodoxy) as being heretics (pāṣaṇḍa/pākhaṇḍa). For example, the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, an extremely influential Hindu Puranic source, considers Buddhists, Jains as well as some Shaiva groups like the Paśupatas and Kāpālins to be pāṣaṇḍas (heretics). [96] The use of saffron in the national flag and as political symbolism has been opposed. [8] One line of opposition asserts that the color is sacred and should not be politicized. [8] Another source of opposition comes from Islamists who claim the color is forbidden in Islam and strongly prohibited to be worn by the males. [8] [20] a b Patanjali (1912). The Yogasutras of Patanjali. Translated by Johnston, Charles. New York, C. Johnston. p.15. a b Baroni, Helen J. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. Rosen Publishing. p.240. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6. Elst, Koenraad (2001), The Saffron Swastika: The Notion of "Hindu Fascism", Voice of India, ISBN 978-81-85990-69-9
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